Large-scale randomized human trials are limited, but the peptide has been used clinically by sports medicine and orthopedic providers for over a decade with a strong safety record
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Nasal delivery avoids injection site risks (infection, bruising, irritation) but introduces nasal mucosal irritation and formulation stability concerns
In fact, injections and infusions may be more beneficial for people deficient in B12 due to a digestive issue or because they are older and have less stomach acid
Its used for pernicious anemia, malabsorption syndromes, and certain neurological disorders linked to B12 deficiency
The secondary outcomes to be measured include the safety of both administration routes, quality of life (measured using the EuroQoL-5D questionnaire) and adherence to treatment